For those in the transit industry, it’s easy to get lost in the jargon. Terms like card-based, account-based, open-loop and ...

A great example of a closed loop system is TfL’s Oyster card, which many customers still choose to use on its network despite the availability of an open loop alternative. Closed loop systems rely on ...

Why Open-Loop Is Not A One-Size-Fits-All Solution Open-loop payment systems offer several key benefits to transit agencies. They can help lower costs associated with issuing and managing transit ...

Unlike open-loop systems, which rely on bank-issued cards like Visa, Mastercard, Amex, etc., these systems are managed by your transit agency. With a closed-loop payment system, businesses like ...

However, individuals using a hybrid closed-loop system had a higher rate of ketoacidosis (1.74 events per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.96 per 100 patient-years).

There are two main types of systems that accommodate thermal expansion: closed-loop (sealed) systems and open-loop (vented) systems. Each type requires a different approach to servicing and ...

Once completed, the checklist can always be continuously improved upon based on lessons learned and other people’s input, so that reusing an open-loop system will be a cost-effective solution. For ...